Lanthanum (LA)
Discoverer: C.G. mosander
Time and place of discovery: 1839, Sweden
After the discovery of cerium and yttrium, although some chemists realized that they were not pure elements, it was about 40 years after their discovery that the mystery was solved due to the patient analysis of Swedish chemist mosander and others. Mosander is a student and assistant of bezirius. He made great contribution to the discovery and research of rare earth elements. In 1839, he decomposed cerium nitrate by heating and found that only part of it was dissolved in nitric acid. He called the dissolved oxide lanthana, and the element lanthanum. The symbol of the element is La, which comes from the Greek lanthan ō ("hidden"). Lanthanum, erbium and terbium opened the second door to the discovery of rare earth elements, which is the second stage of the discovery of rare earth elements. They found three of the rare earth elements after cerium and yttrium.
Cerium (CE)
Discoverers: M.H. klaproth, J.J. bergelius and w. hisinger
The discovery of Kliger (1803) and berlazier (1803) processes, respectively. Cerium was found in another red heavy stone produced in the small Swedish town of VASTRA. In 1803, German chemist kraprout analyzed the red heavy stone and determined that there was a new element oxide, which was called ochre soil, because it appeared ochre when burned. The element is called ochroium, and the ore is called ochroite. At the same time, Swedish chemists bezirius and heathinger also found the same element oxide in the ore, called ceria (cerium earth), the element is called cerium (cerium), the element symbol is set as CE, and the ore is called Cerite, in memory of Ceres, an asteroid discovered at that time. Ochroium and cerium are the same element. The latter is adopted and the former is discarded.
The oxides of yttrium and cerium and other rare earth elements are as difficult to reduce as the oxides of earth group elements. It was not until 1875 that hilblandley obtained metallic cerium by electrolysis of fused cerium oxide. This is a common method of obtaining rare earth metals today. Their discovery is not only the discovery of them, but also the discovery of other rare earth elements. The discovery of other rare earth elements began with the discovery of these two elements. The discovery of yttrium and cerium only opened the first door to the discovery of rare earth elements, is the first stage of the discovery of rare earth elements.
Praseodymium (PR)
About 160 years ago, mosander, a Swede, discovered a new element from lanthanum, but it is not a single element. Mosander found that the properties of this element are very similar to lanthanum, so he named it praseodymium neodymium. "Praseodymium neodymium" means "twin" in Greek. About 40 years later, in 1885, when the steam lamp gauze was invented, Austrian weiersbach successfully separated two elements from praseodymium and neodymium, one named "neodymium" and the other named "praseodymium". This "twin" is separated, praseodymium element also has a broad world to show their talent. Praseodymium, gadolinium, samarium and neodymium were all separated from didymium, which was considered to be a rare earth element at that time. Because of their discovery, didymium is no longer preserved. It is their discovery that opens the third door to the discovery of rare earth elements, which is the third stage of the discovery of rare earth elements. But this is only half the work of the third phase. The exact way is to open the gate of cerium or complete the separation of cerium, and the other half is to open the gate of yttrium or complete the separation of yttrium.
Neodymium (nd)
Discoverer: von weilsebach
Date of discovery: 1885
Discovery process: it was discovered by von weilsebach in 1885.
PM (PM)
Discoverers: J.A. marinky, L.E. glendenin and C. Coryell
Time: 1945
Location: USA
Discovery process
In 1945, J.A. marinky, L.E. glendinin and C. Coryell successfully separated element 61 from uranium fuel used in nuclear reactor, and named promethium after Prometheus in Greek mythology.
Samarium (SM)
Since mossander discovered lanthanum, erbium and terbium successively, chemists all over the world have paid special attention to the separation of new elements from the discovered rare earth elements. In 1878, French spectrologist and chemist De La Fontaine discovered a new element, decipium, from the elements called didymium discovered by mossander. However, in 1879, another French chemist, brabo de Langley, used spectral analysis to determine that decipium was a mixture of some unknown and known rare earth elements, and separated a new unknown element from it, named samarium, the element symbol SA, that is samarium.
Europium (EU)
Discoverer: demarsay
Time and place of discovery: 1901, France
Discovery process: in 1901, Eugene Antole demarcay discovered a new element named europium from samarium. It's probably named after the word Europe. In 1904, a pure europium compound was prepared by G. urbain.
Gadolinium (GD)
Discoverer: C.G. marignac
Date of discovery: 1880
Discovery process: in 1880, g.de marignac of Switzerland separated "samarium" into two elements, one of which was confirmed by Solit as samarium, and the other was confirmed by boysbaudley's research. In 1886, in memory of the discoverer of yttrium, marignac separated "samarium" into two elements, one of which was confirmed as samarium by Solit, and the other was confirmed by boysbaudley's research The new element is named gadolinium.
Since mossander discovered lanthanum, erbium and terbium successively, chemists all over the world have paid special attention to the separation of new elements from the discovered rare earth elements. Two years after the discovery of samarium, two new elements, gamma alpha and gamma beta, were discovered by Swiss scientist malinac in 1880. It was later confirmed that gamma beta and samarium are the same element. In 1886, the pure gamma alpha was produced by BWA bodlang, and it was determined to be a new element. It is named gadolinium and the element symbol GD.
Terbium (TB)
In 1843, Karl g. mosander of Sweden discovered terbium by studying yttrium earth. Most of the applications of terbium involve in high-tech fields. It is a technology intensive and knowledge intensive cutting-edge project, and also a project with significant economic benefits. It has an attractive development prospect. It was discovered by C. G. mosander in 1843. It was originally named erbium oxide, but it was officially named terbium in 1877. It was first purified from G. urbain in 1905. During the same period when lanthanum was discovered, mosander analyzed and studied yttrium, which was first discovered, and published a report in 1842. It was clear that yttrium earth was not a single element oxide, but an oxide of three elements. He still called one of them yttrium earth, and one of them terbium earth. The element symbol is TB. Like yttrium, it is named after the little litterby, near Stockholm, Sweden, where yttrium was first discovered. The discovery of terbium, lanthanum and erbium opens the second door to the discovery of rare earth elements, which is the second stage of the discovery of rare earth elements. They found three of the rare earth elements after cerium and yttrium. There are five in all.
Dysprosium (Dy)
Discoverer: L. boisbaudran
Date of discovery: 1886
Discovery process: it was discovered by L. boisbaudran in 1886.
After mossander separated erbium and terbium from yttrium soil in 1842, many chemists determined that they were not pure oxides of elements by spectral analysis, which encouraged chemists to continue to separate them. Seven years after the separation of holmium, it was divided into two parts in 1886, and the other was called dysposium, the element symbol dy. The word comes from the Greek dysrositos, which means "hard to get.". With the discovery of dysprosium and other rare earth elements, the other half of the third stage of the discovery of rare earth elements has been completed.
Holmium (HO)
Discoverers: j.l.soret, p.t.cleve
Date of discovery: 1878-1879.
Discovery process: it was discovered by j.l.soret in 1878 and by p.t.cleve in 1879.
After mossander separated erbium and terbium from yttrium soil in 1842, many chemists determined that they were not pure oxides of elements by spectral analysis, which encouraged chemists to continue to separate them. After the separation of ytterbium oxide and scandium oxide from the oxide bait, cliff separated the oxides of two new elements in 1879. One of them was named holmium to commemorate the birthplace of cliff, the ancient Latin name of holmia in Stockholm, Sweden, and the element symbol ho. In 1886, another element was separated from holmium, but the name of holmium was retained. With the discovery of holmium and other rare earth elements, the other half of the third stage of the discovery of rare earth elements has been completed.
Erbium (ER)
Discoverer: C.G. mosander
Date of discovery: 1843
Discovery process: discovered by C. G. mosander in 1843. He originally named erbium oxide terbium oxide, so in the early German literature, terbium oxide and erbium oxide were mixed. It wasn't until after 1860 that it had to be corrected.
During the same period when lanthanum was discovered, mosander analyzed and studied yttrium, which was first discovered, and published a report in 1842. It was clear that yttrium earth was not a single element oxide, but an oxide of three elements. He still called one of them yttrium earth, and one of them erbium earth. The symbol of the element is er. It is named after ytterby, a small town near Stockholm, Sweden, where ytterby was first discovered. The discovery of erbium, lanthanum and terbium is the second stage of the discovery of rare earth elements. They found three of the rare earth elements after cerium and yttrium.
Thulium (TM)
Discoverer: p.t.cleve
Date of discovery: 1878
Discovery process: discovered by p.t.cleve in 1878.
After mossander separated erbium and terbium from yttrium soil in 1842, many chemists determined that they were not pure oxides of elements by spectral analysis, which encouraged chemists to continue to separate them. After the separation of ytterbium oxide and scandium oxide from the oxide bait, cliff separated the oxides of two new elements in 1879. One of them was named thulium in memory of thulia, where cliff's motherland is located. The element symbol used to be Tu, but now TM. With the discovery of thulium and other rare earth elements, the other half of the third stage of the discovery of rare earth elements has been completed.
Ytterbium (Yb)
Discoverer: j.c.g. marignac
Date of discovery: 1878, Switzerland
Discovery process: in 1878, Jean Charles and g.de marignac discovered a new rare earth element in erbium, which was named Ytterbium by ytterby.
The ytterbium compound was first isolated by j.c.g.marignac; in 1907, g.urbain pointed out that the ytterbium separated by marignac was composed of lutetium and ytterbium.
Lutetium (Lu)
In 1907, weiersbach and g. urbain carried out their own research and found a new element from "ytterbium" by different separation methods. Weiersbach named this element CP (cassiopeium), and eubain named it Lu (lutetium) according to the old name of Lutece in Paris. Later, it was found that CP and Lu were the same element, so they were called lutetium.
Yttrium (y)
Discoverer: gardlin
Date of discovery: 1794
Discovery process: in 1794, Katherine in Finland discovered yttrium from the black stone produced in the Swedish town of itterby. In 1788, Karl Arrhenius, a Swedish army officer, who was an amateur in chemistry and mineralogy, discovered a black mineral with the appearance of pitch and coal in ytterby village outside Stockholm Bay, and named it ytterbite according to the local name. In 1794, Finnish chemist John gadolin analyzed the samples. It is found that in addition to the oxides of beryllium, silicon and iron, it also contains about 38% of the unknown elements. In 1797, Swedish chemist Anders Gustaf ekeberg confirmed this "new soil" and named it yttria.
Scandium (SC)
In 1879, Swedish chemistry professors L. F. Nilson (1840-1899) and P. T. Cleve (1840-1905) found a new element in rare minerals of beryllium yttrium and Hei rare gold ore almost at the same time. They named the element scandium, which is the boron like element predicted by Mendeleev. Their discovery once again proved the correctness of the periodic law of elements and Mendeleev's farsightedness